Posted by Jack | Posted in Freshwater Fly Fishing | Posted on 14-09-2007
Tags: design, japan, material, tools, video
Egg Material
How can I make a glider that can hold an egg securely, easily available materials?
I have to do a school project secondary. the glider must be launched from the top No you need a ladder to the ground with the egg intact. I am not allowed to use any energy source expensive or specialized equipment. the material must be readily available in and around the protective cover of eggs should not be more than 3 mm. plzzz help:)
Put your egg in a small paper cup with the sand around him.
Protocol for the identification of parasite eggs in stool samples in the Parasitology Unit
For the diagnosis of gastro-intestinal parasites of ruminants, the parasites or their eggs and larvae must be recovered from the digestive tract of animals or stool. These must be further identified and quantified. The following are the major tasks involved in this process:
· Collection of stool samples
· The separation of eggs and larvae in the stool, and its concentration
· Macroscopic examination of samples prepared
• Preparation of faecal cultures
· Isolation and identification of larval cultures
Limited nature of the subject faeces in the diagnosis of gastro-intestinal parasitism.
(a) The demonstration of parasite eggs or larvae in faeces provides positive evidence that an animal is infected but does not indicate the degree of infection.
(b) failure to demonstrate eggs or larvae does not necessarily mean that the parasites are not present, that may be present at an immature stage or the test used is not sensitive enough.
Several factors may limit the accuracy and importance of faecal egg count.
(a) There is a fairly regular fluctuation in faecal egg production.
(b) The eggs are not uniformly distributed throughout the stool.
(c) The amount of faeces passed will affect the number of eggs per unit weight.
(d) Production of eggs is influenced by season (large infections may be acquired in the rainy season).
(e) An egg count often means total number of eggs in a mixture of species, which differ widely both in their biotic potential and their pathogenicity.
(f) no eggs can be detected due to low numbers of them or a low sensitivity test.
Stool samples for examination parasitological be collected from the rectum of the animals.
If rectal samples can not be obtained, fresh faecal samples can be collected from the pasture.
Some of the samples to be collected. Samples must be sent immediately to a laboratory in suitable containers, such as:
· Screw-cap bottles
Plastic containers with lids ·
· Disposable plastic sleeves or gloves used for collecting samples
Plastic bags ·
Each sample should be clearly labeled with the animal identification, date and place of collection.
Samples must be packaged and shipped in a cool box to keep the developing eggs and hatching. If prolonged transport time to a laboratory is expected, the following can help prevent the development and hatching eggs.
(a) fill the container to the ability or adjustment of the sleeve / glove as close as possible feces. This is to exclude air from the container.
(b) Add 3% formal to the feces (5-20 ml, depending on the volume of stool). This is to preserve parasite eggs. (Note formalin fixed stool can not be used for faecal culture.) When samples were received at the laboratory immediately should be stored in the refrigerator (4 ° C) until processed. Samples can be stored in the refrigerator up to 3 weeks without significant changes in egg counts and morphology eggs. SAMPLES SHOULD NEVER stored in the freezer.
The qualitative techniques for the separation and concentration of eggs and larvae
1: Simple flotation method
2: sedimentation technique (for trematode eggs)
1: the simple flotation method
This simple technique is for use in initial surveys. It may be used in conjunction with the McMaster technique to detect low numbers of eggs.
Team
· Two glasses or plastic containers
· A tea strainer or cheesecloth
Test tube or other container · ranked by volume
· Fork, tongue blades or other type of rod
· Test tube (dry)
· Microscope
· MICROSLIDE, coverslips
· Balance or teaspoon
· Liquid Flotation
(A) Put approximately 3 g of feces (by weight or measure of feces with a precalibrated teaspoon) into the container 1
(B) Pour 50 ml of flotation fluid into a container 1
(C) Mix contents thoroughly with a stirring device (tongue blade holder).
(D) Pour the resultant faecal suspension through a tea strainer or a double layer of gauze into a container 2.
(E) Leave the container at rest for 10 minutes.
(F) Fill the test tube with the fecal suspension entire
(G) Place the test tube in a test tube holder or rack.
(H) to fill the test tube by a cover sheet in top
(I) Mount the cover slip in micro slide for microscopic examination of eggs and larvae identi fication
Sedimentation technique (for trematode eggs)
This is a procedure to evaluate the presence of trematodes infections.The procedure can be used to detect liver fluke (Fasciola) and eggs Paramphistomum.
Team
· Beakers or plastic containers
• A tea strainer or cheesecloth
Specimen ·
· Stirring device (fork, tongue depressor)
· Test tubes
Test tube rack
· Methylene blue
· MICROSLIDE, coverslip
Balance · or spoon
· Microscope
(A) Weigh or measure approximately 3 g of faeces in the container 1
(B) pour 40-50 ml of tap water in the container 1
(C) Mix (STIR) thoroughly with a stirring device (fork, tongue blade).
(D) Filter the faecal suspension through a tea strainer or double layer of gauze into a container 2.
(E) Pour the filtered material in a test tube.
(F) Allow to sediment for 5 minutes.
(G) Remove (pipette, decant) the supernatant carefully
(H) Resuspend the pellet in 5 ml of water
(I) to allow sediment to 5 minutes.
(J) Discard (pipette, decant) the supernatant very care.
(K) from the stain of sediment by adding one drop of methylene blue
(L) Transfer the sediment to a micro slide. Cover with a coverslip and examined under a micro level.
Quantitative techniques for the separation and concentration of eggs and larvae:
The most simple and effective method for determining the number of eggs or oocysts per gram of feces is the McMaster counting technique
This technique can be used to provide a quantitative estimate of egg production of nematodes, cestodes and coccidia. Its use to quantify the levels of infection is limited by factors that regulate the excretion of eggs.
· Cups or plastic containers
· Balance
· A tea strainer or cheesecloth
Specimen ·
· Stirring device (fork, depressant language)
· Pasteur pipettes (rubber) teats
· Liquid Flotation
· McMaster chamber count
· Microscope
(a) Weigh 4 g of faeces and place into container 1.
(b) Add 56 ml of liquid flotation.
(c) Mix (stir) the contents thoroughly with a stirring device (fork, tongue blade).
(d) Filter the suspension of feces through a tea strainer or a double layer of gauze into a container 2.
(e) Stirring the filtrate in a container 2, having a sub-sample with a pasture pipette.
(f) Fill both slide McMaster chamber, with the sub-samples
(g) Allow the counting chamber to stand for 5 minutes.
(h) Review the filtered sub-sample under a microscope a10x 10X.
(i) Count all eggs and coccidia oocytes recorded in the area of both chambers.
(j) The number of eggs per gram of faeces can be cal culated as follow: add the egg count of the two chambers togather
Multiply the total by 50. This gives the EPG of the stool. (Example: 12 eggs seen in the chamber 1 and 15 eggs seen in the chamber 2 = (12 + 15) x 50 = 1350 EPG)
Microscopic examination of samples prepared
The samples prepared in MICROSLIDE from simple flotation method of the test tube, the simple flotation method and the method of sedimentation examined under a microscope to increases listed below.
List
INCREASED LEVELS OF REVIEW OF SAMPLING
Increase
Parasites
10 x 10
Eggs of nematodes and cestodes
10 x 40
Coccidia oocysts
10 x 4
Trematode eggs
Guidance to the interpretation of faecal egg counts of animals:
FECAL ACCOUNT EGGS OF ANIMALS
Parasite
Degree of infection (eggs per gram of feces)
Light
Moderate
Heavy
LIVESTOCK
Mixed infection
50-200
200-800
800 +
Pure infection Haemonchus
200
200-600
600 +
Pure Trichostrongylus infection
50-100
100-400
400 +
Pure Cooperia infection
200-300
300-2500
2500 +
SHEEP
Mixed infection
50-800
800-1200
1200 +
Mixed infection with Haemonchus absent
300-800
800-1000
1000 +
Pure Haemonchus
100-2000
2000-7000
7000 +
Pure Trichostrongylus
100-500
500-2000
2000 +
Pure Nematodirus
50-100
100-600
600 +
Pure Oesophagostomum
100-800
800-1600
1600 +
If possible guidelines for the interpretation of faecal egg counts established for each area / country / region according to the different climate zones, as the composition and pathogenicity of parasite populations may differ from one area to another.
Formulations for fluids flotation and other reagents for use in diagnostic tests.
FLOTATION FLUIDS
The preparation of three different flotation fluids described below. Any of these can be used, depending on the availability of reagents. However, salt or sugar (3) gives the best results due to its high specific gravity.
Good quality inexpensive salt and / or sugar that gives a clear solution should be used for the preparation of liquid flotation. For convenience, an offer of securities may be prepared (preferably in a transparent container so the amount salt or sugar solution can be seen). The solution should be mixed well before use to ensure that it is saturated.
(1) saturated salt solution
Sodium chloride (salt)
400 g
Water
1000 ml
Specific gravity: 1,200
(2) Saturated solution of sugar
Sugar
QS
Water
1000 ml
Specific gravity: 1.120-1.200
Add sugar to saturation, indicated by the presence of sugar crystals in the bottom of the container after shaking for 15 minutes. Stir well before use.
(3) salt or sugar
Sodium chloride (salt)
400 g
Water
1000 ml
Sugar
500 g
Specific Severity:
1.280
Dissolve salt in water (saturated solution). Add sugar to the solution saturated with salt. Stir until sugar dissolves.
Other reagents FOR USE IN DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
(1) Normal saline (0.9%).
Sodium chloride (salt)
9 g
Distilled water
1000 ml
Dissolve salt in water
(2) solution aqueous iodine.
Re-sublimed iodine crystals
10 g
Potassium iodide
50 g
Water
1000 ml
Dissolve the iodide potassium in water.
Then add and dissolve the iodine crystals.
(3) to 3% formalin solution.
Commercial (formalin 40% formaldehyde)
3 parts
Water
97 parts
Note. Formaldehyde 40% commercially available solution is considered as 100% formalin.
(4) sodium thiosulfate.
Crystals of sodium thiosulfate
124.1 g
Water
1000 ml
Dissolve the crystals in water.
Reference:
The epidemiology, diagnosis and control of helminth parasites of ruminants: A Manual of Jørgen Hansen, DVM, PhD Animal Production and Animal Health Organization for Food and Agriculture Rome, Italy, Brian Perry, BVM & S, DTVM, MSc, DVM & S, MRCVS International Laboratory for Research on Animal Diseases, Nairobi, Kenya ILRAD 1994 issued by the International Laboratory for Research on Diseases of Animals, PO Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya Printed by the International Livestock Center for Africa in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, ISBN 92-9055-703-1. Chapter. href = "http://www.fao.org/Wairdocs/ILRI/x5492E/x5492e05.htm # 3.% 20techniques% 20for% 20parasite% 20assays% 20identification% 20and% 20in% 20faecal% 20samples"> 3. Techniques of analysis and identification of the parasite in stool samples ,3.1-3 .8
About the Author
MSE Egg Drop 2009
